![]() The term "atom" comes from the Greek word atomos, which means "uncuttable". By the end of the 19th century, atomic theory had gained widespread acceptance in the scientific community. The concept that matter is composed of discrete particles is an ancient idea, but gained scientific credence in the 18th and 19th centuries when scientists found it could explain the behaviors of gases and how chemical elements reacted with each other. The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electronsĪtomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. For the ultimate honor he was buried in Westminster Abbey.įeatured image: Ernest Rutherford in academic regalia.A request that this article title be changed to History of atomic theory is under discussion. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1908 he was made a knight and then a peer with a seat in the House of Lords. Like Thomson, Rutherford garnered many honors. Thomson in the Cavendish Professorship at Cambridge and again gathered a vigorous research group, including James Chadwick, the discoverer of the neutron. Moseley (who obtained experimental evidence for atomic numbers).ĭuring World War I this Manchester research group was largely dispersed, and Rutherford turned to solving problems connected with submarine detection. ![]() At McGill University in Montreal, his first appointment, he worked with Frederick Soddy on radioactive decay.Īt Manchester University he collaborated with Hans Geiger (of Geiger counter fame), Niels Bohr (whose model of atomic structure succeeded Rutherford’s), and H. Throughout his career Rutherford displayed his ability to work creatively with associates, some of whom were already established at the institutions to which he was appointed and others of whom he attracted as doctoral or postgraduate students. Letter from Ernest Rutherford to Georg Bredig, 1912. There he began experimenting with the transmission of radio waves, went on to join Thomson’s ongoing investigation of the conduction of electricity through gases, and then turned to the field of radioactivity just opened up by Henri Becquerel and Pierre and Marie Curie. Thomson’s first graduate student at the Cavendish Laboratory. He was released from this task by a scholarship to Cambridge University, where he became J. Education and Early Careerīorn on a farm in New Zealand, the fourth of 12 children, Rutherford completed a degree at the University of New Zealand and began teaching unruly schoolboys. Rutherford on the New Zealand 100-dollar banknote. Most important, he postulated the nuclear structure of the atom: experiments done in Rutherford’s laboratory showed that when alpha particles are fired into gas atoms, a few are violently deflected, which implies a dense, positively charged central region containing most of the atomic mass. He discovered alpha and beta rays, set forth the laws of radioactive decay, and identified alpha particles as helium nuclei. A Series of DiscoveriesĪ consummate experimentalist, Rutherford was responsible for a remarkable series of discoveries in the fields of radioactivity and nuclear physics. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) postulated the nuclear structure of the atom, discovered alpha and beta rays, and proposed the laws of radioactive decay.
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